Place de la Concorde

Place de la Concorde or Viscount Lepic and his Daughters Crossing the Place de la Concorde is an 1875 oil painting by Edgar Degas. It depicts the cigar-smoking Ludovic-Napoléon Lepic, his daughters Eylau and Jeanine, his dog, and a solitary man on the left at Place de la Concorde in Paris. The man on the left may be the playwright Ludovic Halévy. The Tuileries Gardens can be seen in the background, behind a stone wall.

Notable for its innovative composition, use of negative space, and cropping, the painting reflects influences from photography and contemporary urban transformations during Haussmann's Paris. Widely thought to be lost after World War II, the painting was revealed in 1994 to be part of a collection looted by Soviet forces, later displayed at the Hermitage Museum in the controversial "Hidden Treasures Revealed" exhibition. It remains in the Hermitage's collection today.

Composition

Subjects and setting

Edgar Degas's painting Place de la Concorde depicts Ludovic-Napoléon Lepic, his two daughters Eylau and Jeanine, and their dog Albrecht, crossing the Place de la Concorde in Paris, France. In the painting, Lepic walks through the square carelessly as his daughters move in the opposite direction. He is dressed fashionably, and he holds his umbrella under his arm and his cigar in his mouth as he walks. All of these details portray Lepic as the archetypal flâneur. The red patch on his overcoat indicates his rank in the Legion of Honour. The tall, solitary man on the left edge of the painting has been identified as the playwright Ludovic Halévy, who was also a close friend of Degas's until the Dreyfus affair.

The painting has been noted for accurately capturing the two girls' individual personalities. In the painting, Eylau, the older of the two girls, stands more confidently than her younger sister. Similarly, in a c. 1876-77 photograph, she stands in a tomboyish manner with her hands on her hips. Eylau was named after the Battle of Eylau, in which Ludovic Lepic's grandfather, General Joseph-Louis Lepic, fought in 1807. In the painting, Jeanine, the younger of the two girls, stands tentatively with her father. In an c. 1876-77 photograph, she stands in a more proper and stereotypically ladylike manner than her older sister.

In the background of the painting to the right, behind the wall, is the Tuileries Garden. The building visible in the background to the left is the Hôtel de la Marine, which at the time housed the French Ministry of the Navy. Also in the background are two monuments dedicated to the cities of Lille and Strasbourg which feature sculptures by James Pradier. At the center-top of painting in the background is the monument dedicated to the city of Lille. Toward the right and almost entirely obscured by Lepic's hat is the monument dedicated to the city of Strasbourg. At the time that Degas created the painting, the monument to Strasbourg would have been draped in black to mourn the loss of the city to Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War. Depictions of urban exteriors such as in Place de la Concorde are rare in Edgar Degas's oeuvre.

Compositional alterations

The painting has been altered from its original format. A six or seven centimeter section of canvas has been folded behind the stretcher along the lower edge. The lower edge of the canvas has also been cut, which probably removed the signature. These modification were made by Degas himself after the painting had been well dried, most likely before the painting was sent to the gallery of Paul Durand-Ruel.

Additionally, Ludovic Lepic's two daughters overlap his umbrella and his dog. Infrared and x-ray examinations of the painting revealed that both the umbrella and the dog were both fully completed underneath the two daughters, which could suggest that the daughters were not present in the painting's original composition.

The solitary man who has been partially cropped out of frame has been observed as being unusually tall. In a preparatory study that Degas made for the painting, there is a lamp post in the position where the man stands in the painting. An on location observation of the Place de la Concorde, which has changed very little since the 1870s, from the same vantage point as the painting also reveals that there is a lamp post in the man's position. Further investigation suggests that the solitary man on the left side of the painting underwent significant transformation. Initially depicted with exaggerated, elongated features that resembled a lamppost, his figure was later refined to appear more natural and human.

Influence from photography

Many art historians believe that the large amount of negative space, the cropping, and the way in which the figures are facing in random directions were influenced by photography. Art historian Aaron Scharf, for example, compared Place de la Concorde, as well as some of Degas's other paintings, to a series of photographs titled Vues instantanées de Paris by photographer Hippolyte Jouvin. Many of Jouvin's photographs feature human figures and horse drawn carriages that are partially cropped out of frame in a similar manner to Degas's paintings, including Place de la Concorde. Additionally, there exists a photograph of Ludovic Lepic's dog Albrecht in a very similar position to that of the painting. It is probable that Degas used the photograph as a reference.

However, some scholars challenge the extent of photography's influence on Degas's work. Art historian Kirk Varnedoe argues that while Place de la Concorde features compositional elements such as cropping and asymmetry that resemble photographic techniques, these choices were not directly derived from photography. Instead, Varnedoe suggests that Degas's use of unconventional framing and perspective reflects a broader tradition of artistic experimentation that predates the widespread influence of photography.

Social and political symbolism

Art historians have frequently noted the dramatic cropping and large amount of negative space in Edgar Degas's Place de la Concorde. In the painting, Lepic and his two daughters are cropped out of frame at the waist. Another figure, a solitary man with a cane, is half cropped out of frame. Between the figures and the buildings is a large amount of negative space representing a nearly empty street. The dramatic cropping, the downward perspective, and asymmetrical composition may have been influenced by Japanese Ukiyo-e prints, of which Degas was known to be a collector.

原文较长，这里只摘了前面一部分，摘自英文维基百科「Place de la Concorde (Degas)」（暂时没有中文条目，下面是英文原文），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用，去掉了参考文献、外部链接等尾部小节和表格，其余文字未作改动。