雅各布·德巴尔巴里

Jacopo de' Barbari, sometimes known or referred to as de'Barbari, de Barberi, de Barbari, Barbaro, Barberino, Barbarigo or Barberigo (c. 1460/70 – before 1516), was an Italian painter, printmaker and miniaturist with a highly individual style. He moved from Venice to Germany in 1500, thus becoming the first Italian Renaissance artist of stature to work in Northern Europe. His few surviving paintings (about twelve) include the first known example of trompe-l'œil since antiquity. His twenty-nine engravings and three very large woodcuts were also highly influential.

Life

His place and date of birth are unknown, but he was described as a Venetian by contemporaries, including Albrecht Dürer ("van Venedig geporn"), and as 'old and weak' in 1511, so dates of between 1450 and 1470 have been proposed. Some believed that he was actually German-born before moving to Italy. However, this belief is not conclusive and remains a hypothesis to researchers. Since the earlier date range would have him achieve sudden prominence at the age of nearly fifty, the later date range would seem more likely. He signed most of his engravings with a caduceus, the sign of Mercury, and the Munich Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets (right) with this below his name: "Jac.o de barbarj p 1504" on the painted piece of paper. He was probably not of the important Venetian Barbaro family as he was never listed in that family's genealogy.

Nothing is known about his first decades, although Alvise Vivarini has been suggested as his master. He left Venice for Germany in 1500, and thereafter is better documented. There he worked for the Emperor Maximilian I in Nuremberg for a year, then in various places for Frederick the Wise of Saxony in 1503–1505, before moving to the court of the Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg for about the years 1506–1508. In Germany, he was often known as "Jacop Walch", probably from "Wälsch" meaning foreigner, a term especially used for Italians.

He may have returned to Venice with Philip the Handsome of Burgundy, for whom he later worked in the Netherlands. By March 1510 he was working for Philip's successor Archduchess Margaret in Brussels and Mechelen. In January 1511 he fell ill and made a will, and in March, the Archduchess gave him a pension for life, on account of his age and weakness ("debilitation et vieillesse"). By 1516, he had died, leaving the Archduchess in possession of twenty-three engraving plates, which, since many of his plates were probably engraved on both sides, means some engravings may not have survived.

Work

Map of Venice and other woodcuts

His earliest documented work is his huge (1.345 x 2.818 metres, from six blocks) and impressive woodcut aerial view Map of Venice, for which a privilege was granted to its publisher in 1500, recording that the work had taken three years. This clearly drew on the work of many surveyors, but was a spectacular feat nonetheless, and caused a considerable stir from the first. It was later updated by others to reflect major new building projects in a second state of the print.

Apart from the Map of Venice, he produced two other woodcuts, both of men and satyrs, which were the largest and most impressive figurative woodcuts yet produced, and which established the Italian tradition of fine, large, woodcuts for the following decades. These may have also been produced before 1500; they are clearly strongly influenced by Mantegna.

The Triumph of Men Over Satyrs, completed in the early 16th century, was de' Barbari's other notable multi-block print highlighting various themes related to mythology. This three-block print represents the scenes just after a battle—nude men and women walk towards a temple, showing the defeated satyrs bound as prisoners and carried in baskets. Multiple scholars, such as Juergen Schulz and David Landau, have suggested the connection with another woodcut titled Battle Between Satyrs and Men, wherein one of the placards in the later piece directly represents the battle scene from de' Barbari's earlier battle. Connections between the architecture of Venice in the background of the print relates to other paintings at the time such as the Process in St. Mark's Square, completed by Gentile Bellini in 1496.

节选，摘自英文维基百科「Jacopo de' Barbari」，按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用。